Chapter 3 and 4 solutions Essays - , Term Papers

AP32 Req. 1 April 2Office supplies (+A) 2,600 Accounts payable (+L) 2,600 3Utilities expense (+E SE) 1,950 Accounts payable (+L) 1,950 5Trade receivables (+A) 23,500 Service revenue (+R+SE) 23,500 8Accounts payable (L) 3,005 Cash (A) 3,005 8Advertising expense (+E SE) 1,400 Cash (A) 1,400 9Equipment (+A) 2,300 Cash (A) 2,300 10Wages expense (+E SE) Wages payable (L) 8,100 3,800 Cash (A) 11,900 11Cash (+A) 12,500 Trade receivables (A) 12,500 12Land (+A) 50,000 Cash (A) Note payable (+L) 10,000 40,000 13Cash (+A) 135,000 Contributed capital (+SE) 135,000 14Trade receivables (+A) 14,500 Service revenue (+R+SE) 14,500 AP32 (continued) Req. 2 Statement of Financial PositionStatement of Earnings Date Assets LiabilitiesShareholders Equity Revenues ExpensesNet Earnings April 2+$2,600+$2,600NNNN April 3N+$1,950$1950N+$1,950$1,950 April 5+$23,500N+$23,500+$23,500N+$23,500 April 8$3,005$3,005NNNN April 8$1,400N$1,400N+$1,400$1,400 April 9+$2,300 $2,300NNNNN April 10$11,900$3,800$8,100N+$8,100$8,100 April 11+$12,500 $12,500NNNNN April 12+$50,000 $10,000+$40,000NNNN April 13+$135,000N+$135,000NNN April 14+$14,500N+$14,500+$14,500N+$14,500 AP33 Req. 1 and 2 CashTrade ReceivablesSupplies (a) 30,000 (e) 20,000 (h) 3,050 (k) 100 (m) 5,200 4,800 (b) 800 (c) 20,000 (f) 850 (g) 1,000 (i) 2,520 (j) 268 (l)(h) 550 100 (k)(c) 800 28,112450800 Merchandise InventoryPrepaid RentEquipment (d) 10,000 2,000 (h) 2,800 (m)(b) 4,800(f) 4,000 5,2004,8004,000 AP33 (continued) Furniture and FixturesTrade Payables (f) 16,000(i) 1,00010,000 (d) 16,000 9,000 Contributed CapitalSales RevenueCost of Sales 30,000 (a) 20,000 (e)3,600 (h) 5,200 (m)(h) 2,000 (m) 2,800 50,0008,8004,800 Advertising ExpenseWages ExpenseRepair Expense (g) 850 (j) 2,520(l) 268 8502,520268 Req. 3 NINAS CHOCOLATES INC. Statement of Earnings (unadjusted) For the Month Ended March 31, 2014 Sales revenue Cost of sales Gross margin Operating expenses: Advertising expense Wages expense Repair expense Total expenses$8,800 4,800 4,000 850 2,520 268 3,638 Net earnings$ 362 Note: Income taxes have been ignored. AP42 Req. 1 a.Deferred revenuee.Deferred expense b.Accrued expensef.Accrued revenue c.Deferred expenseg.Accrued expense d.Deferred revenueh.Accrued expense Req. 2 a.Deferred rent revenue (L)5,600 Rent revenue (+R +SE)5,600 $8,400 6 months = $1,400 per month for 4 months. This entry reduces (debits) the liability for the amount earned and records revenue. b.Interest expense (+E SE)225 Interest payable (+L)225 To accrue interest expense incurred but not yet paid, $18,000 x 5% x 3/12 = $225. c.Depreciation expense (+E SE)2,500 Accumulated depreciation, service truck (+XA A)2,500 To record depreciation expense for the year: d.Deferred service revenue (L) 500 Service revenue (+R +SE)500 To recognize revenue earned during the year ($3,000 x 2/12). e.Insurance expense (+E SE)1,500 Prepaid insurance (A)1,500 $9,000 12 months = $750 per month for 2 months of coverage. This entry reduces the asset (prepaid insurance) because part of it has been used and only $7,500 represents future benefits (an asset) to the company. f.Trade receivables (+A)4,000 Service revenue (+R +SE)4,000 This entry records an asset for the amount due from customers and recognizes the revenue because it was earned in 2015. g.Wage expense (+E SE)14,000 Wages payable (+L)14,000 Wage expense is increased (debited) because this expense was incurred in 2015. A liability (wages payable) is credited because this amount is owed to the employees as at December 31, 2015. h.Property tax expense (+E SE)500 Property tax payable (+L)500 To record expense incurred but not yet paid. AP42 (continued) Req. 3 TransactionEffect on Net EarningsEffect on Cash a. 5,600N b. 225N c. 2,500N d. 500N e. 1,500N f. 4,000N g. 14,000N h. 500N Note that adjusting entries are internal transactions that do not involve an exchange with others. The Cash account is not affected by these transactions. AP43 Req. 1 a.Deferred expensee.Deferred expense b.Accrued revenuef.Deferred expense c.Deferred expenseg.Accrued revenue d.Accrued expenseh.Accrued expense AP43 (continued) Req. 2 a.Supplies expense (+E SE)1,250 Supplies inventory (A)1,250 Supplies inventory is decreased (credited) to record the use of supplies during the year because this expense was incurred in 2015, calculated as Beg. Inventory of $450 + Purchases $1,200 Ending Inventory $400 b.Trade receivables (+A)7,500 Sales revenue (+R +SE)7,500 This entry records an asset for the amount due from customers and recognizes the revenue because it was earned in 2015. c.Insurance expense (+E SE)200 Prepaid insurance (A)200 $1,200 12 months x 2 months of coverage. This entry reduces the asset (prepaid insurance) because part of it has been used while $1,000 represents future benefits (an asset) to the company. d.Repairs and maintenance expense (+E SE)600 Accrued liabilities (+L)600 Repairs and maintenance expense is increased (debited) because this expense was incurred in 2015. A liability (accrued expenses payable) is credited because this amount is owed but will not be paid until 2016. e.Rent expense (+E SE)700 Prepaid rent (A)700 $2,100 3 months x 1 month of expired rent. This entry reduces the asset (prepaid rent) because part of it has been used while $1,400 represents future benefits (an asset) to the company. f.Depreciation expense (+E SE)2,600 Accumulated depreciation, display counters (+XA A)2,600 g.Interest receivable (+A)20 Interest revenue (+R +SE)20 To accrue interest income earned but not yet received, $4,000 x 3% x 2/12 = $20. AP43 (continued) h.Income tax expense (+E SE)7,371 Income tax payable (+L)7,371 To accrue income tax expense incurred but not yet paid: Earnings before adjustments (given) $22,400 Effect of adjustments (a) through (g) +2,170 ( 1,250 + 7,500 200 Earnings before income taxes24,570 600 700 2,600 + 20) Income tax rate 30% Income tax expense$ 7,371 Req.

Capital Punishment Essays (4026 words) - Penology, Free Essays

Capital Punishment Essays (4026 words) - Penology, Free Essays Capital Punishment Why Capital Punishment Should be Abolished Unlike popular belief, the death penalty does not act as a deterrent to criminals. As stated by Alfred Blumstein, Expert after expert and study after study has shown the lack of correlation between the treat of the death penalty and the occurrence of violent crimes. (Blumstein 68) Isaac Ehrlich's study on the limiting effects of capital punishment in America reveals this to the public. The study spans twenty-five years, from 1957 till 1982, and shows that in the first year the study was conducted, there were 8060 murders and 6 executions. However, in the last year of the study there were 22,520 murders committed and only 1 execution performed. (Blumstein 54) This clearly shows that many violent criminals are not afraid of the capital punishment. Abolitionists believe the offenders should be required to compensate the victim's family with the offender's own income from employment or community service. There is no doubt that someone can do more alive than dead. By working, the criminal inadvert-ently pays back society and also their victim and/or victim's family. There is no reason for the criminal to receive any compensation for the work they do, because money is of no jail time. This could be considered a form of slavery to some, but it is no different from the days of being sent to the yard to break stone. One of the most well-known examples of the criminal contributing to the betterment of society is the case Leopld and Loeb. They were nineteen years old when they committed The Crime of the Century. In 1924, they kidnapped and murdered a fourteen-year-old boy just to see how it would feel to kill someone. They were both spared the death penalty and sentenced to life imprisonment. (Bedau 78) Together their accomplishments included working in hospitals, teaching the illiterate how to read, creating a correspondence school, writing a grammar book, and making significant developments in the World War II Malaria Project.(Bedau 193) An inestimable amount of people were directly helped by Leopold and Loeb, Both of tem made a conscious commitment to atone their crimes by serving others.(Bedau 217) The most widely used form of execution has been electrocution. With this method of executing a prisoner, the individual is strapped to a chair along with electrodes attached all over the body. The executioner then proceeds to throw the switch sending vast amounts of electricity flowing throughout the prisoner. During this period, the prisoners flesh burns and the body shakes violently from the overdose of electricity. When it is all over, smoke is often seen coming from the head of the corpse. (Ernest Van den Haag 135) Officials often defend this punishment as not being cruel and unusual, but how can they defend the opinion in the case of John Evans who was executed by electrocution in 1983? According to witnesses at the scene of the death of Mr. Evans, he was given three charges of electricity over a period of fourteen minutes. After the first and second charges, Mr. Evans was still conscious and smoke was coming from all over his body, as a result from his flesh burning. An official at the prison even tries to stop the execution on account of it being cruel punishment, but the man was unsuccessful. Witnesses later called the whole incident a barbaric ritual. (Haag 221) Another method of execution is the gas chamber; during this procedure a prisoner is put in a closed chamber and forced to inhale lethal fumes from a sulfuric acid and a cyanide chemical reaction. (Haag 243) According to a statement given by the U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens concerning the 1992 execution of Donald Harding, there did not seem to be any civilized aspect of the gas chamber method of executing prisoners. (Haag 259) According to the report, Harding tried to hold his breath inside the chamber. When he finally began to take in fumes, his body started going into convulsions and the muscles and veins under his skin were twitching in a wave-like motion. This execution took over eight minutes to complete, and Mr. Harding was writhing in pain for most of the time. According to officials, Harding did not fall

Yorkshire Tourism Investment Research Coursework

Yorkshire Tourism Investment Research - Coursework Example However, the region has a lot of untapped potential towards offering more quality and increase revenues through a few unexplored avenues. The Yorkshire region is home to some beautiful landscapes and a vast countryside that can offer numerous opportunities for visitors to experience nature (Beeton, 2010). Tapping the tourist element in the rural countryside will also be economically beneficial to the local communities besides providing them a unique opportunity to showcase their tradition and culture. Any development of eco-tourism in coordination with these local communities must however be implemented through a sustainable framework that can ensure long-term growth and prevent any damage to the local environment. Key Drivers and Objectives ‘Rural tourism’ is a relatively new concept in the United Kingdom (UK) whose importance and growth potential were recognized by the government. Grants such as the ‘Yorkshire Forward’ are available to individuals and firm s that aspire to develop a tourism related business in the rural parts of Yorkshire. The ‘Yorkshire Forward’ grants are offered through the RDPE (Rural development program for England) (Hall, 2010). The grant program was initiated after an extensive research by the RDPE which sensed the need to enhance the quality of tourist facilities and accommodation available in the rural regions of Yorkshire. Grants can fund up to 50% of the total cost of such projects up to a maximum amount of ?25,000 upon fulfilling a few conditions (Goodall, 2008). The key focus is to improve the standards of serviced accommodation, self-catered hotels and rural pubs by introducing new bedrooms of better quality or upgrading any current facilities that may help the business develop further. Any such initiative must help develop a long-term relationship with customers so that they may prefer to visit again, thereby improving the prospects of the regional economy. From a macroeconomic perspective, the importance of tourism in Yorkshire’s economy cannot be underestimated. The sector contributed over ?5 billion in 2008, with over 90% of the visitors originating from the UK. Amongst these tourists, day visitors contributed around 45% of the revenues while the rest was contributed by staying tourists. International tourists also accounted for ?400 million in revenues (Holman, 2008). The peak season for tourism is summer although trips to the countryside can be organized throughout the year. Another important segment that could prove beneficial for rural tourism is business tourism, which constitutes over a quarter of tourism in Yorkshire. Beeton (2005) says that events such as corporate meetings and conferences can be organized in the countryside and promoted effectively as a low-cost and environment friendly alternative to conventional solutions. There are however several issues and risk factors that must also be evaluated and minimized efficiently to embolden the confid ence among tourists regarding rural Yorkshire. While the rural parts enjoy a dense road network in terms of connectivity, accessibility through air is relatively underdeveloped. Improving international connectivity and encouraging tour operators is an important consideration if rural tourism is to become a popular success. Local airports like the Leeds Bradford and Robin Hood must be upgraded as required to cater to domestic and overseas travelers and connectivity from these airports to any part of the Yorkshire region must be improved (Coles, 2008). Occupancy rates in rural Yorkshire are also lower than the regional or national average (at 60% and 82% respectively) (Spencer, 2008). Thus, any promotional initiatives and development projects must consider the aspect of improving

The British Economy Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The British Economy Recession - Essay Example It can be explained by the fact that these countries have more favorable natural resources than the UK. Up to World War Germany had been following its own policy of imperialism and that is why it nearly stopped any relations with the UK. Despite the above-mentioned facts, the UK was still doing not very badly. The War ruined all spheres of the UK industry. It did destabilize the British economy for a long period of time. The plants and factories both in town and in the suburbs were regularly bombarded and eventually, it lead to the decline of the UK economy. Participating in the War made the UK lose the quarter of the country’s wealth. The decline of manufacture brought about the total unemployment and strikes of complaints. The unemployment was spread among women and those men who were not involved in battles. Those enterprises that were not ruined closed down because they even didn’t cover their expenses. People in those times didn’t have money to develop the majority of branches of the manufacturer. The only spheres that managed to survive and even got some profit was the food manufacture and the military one. During the War, these products became of prime importance. Although the manufacturer in the UK was in recession, London still played the role of the world main financial center. I accumulated the accounts dealing with military forces and other spheres. For performing the function of the World Bank the UK, surely, charged the percentage and that donation allowed it to proceed to participate in the battles. People unsatisfied with the political and economic situation united in General Strike that aimed to demand the increase of the standards of living. The authorities managed to suppress the Strike and those people who participated in it were blacklisted and could not be hired for very long after the strike. T

Monetary policy&fiscal policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monetary policy&fiscal policy - Assignment Example the high unemployment levels despite the improvement in the labor market, and other cases such as high investment in business and household spending as well as low inflation levels. He then concluded with an admission of that things are improving though not at a fast rate. To the question of whether Fed’s statement had a relationship to government shutdown, Jim stated that what the statement meant was simply that fiscal policy has a role in restraining the economic growth. He stated that government uncertainties such as the one in it’s spending and budget have caused the picture of the economy to remain unclear. To the question of whether the statement answered of when the federal reserve might decide to ease up on measures of stimulating growth, Jim answered that it did not and stated that there has been existence of fear in financial market, many thinking that Fed would lower its bond buying over the summer which did not happen (NPR Para 8). Money supply is constant and therefore the supply curve is a vertical line. Money demand curve on the other hand is negatively sloping. In case of low interest rates, people save less and hold more money. This result to high quantity of money held. Announcement made from the white house stated that there would be rebates on household tax and cuts on business tax implying $6000 on individual and a doubled amount for couples jointly filing their taxes. Additional $300 per child would apply to families with children. The compromise did not offer satisfaction for either sides and this was brought up in a house meeting held. President Bush defended the package as containing the right policies to increase consumer spending and business investments and that it recognized tax reduction as a way of helping businesses and consumers. The rebates would be applicable to 117 million people in America and would consider those who earn less as well as those who earn more and cut offs would benefit businesses that took new

Influence of culture on emotions and communication styles

Influence of culture on emotions and communication styles This paper explores the possibility and the extent of cultures influence on the communication process and styles. Communication is the process through which individuals share ideas and information. Its effectiveness is gauged on the level of understanding by the receiver. Such sharing of ideas and information may be explicit/precise or requiring the receiver to infer/deduce the meaning from the not conclusive message that is passed. The parties communicating, in this case, are human beings with diverse cultural and emotions orientations which act to influence the perceived outcome in the message exchange between such parties. The co-existing factor leads to more complex element of culture (Kapoor, 2003). Culture is simply the way of life of a given people. It will refer to the values, norms and basically the foundation on which a group of people base their reasoning and pluralism on. Cultural values have varying extents of meaning across the various cultural divides. Some divides hav e much emphasis on the values as presented by culture than others. Longitudinally, individuals, within a cultural divide, value their cultural aspects with varying degrees. In considering the possible influence on communication it is important to also consider the constituents of and individual. Emotions can be defined as the textual expressions representing the writes mood and the facial expression. Emotions can alter or improve an interpretation of a plain text. The development of various sets of emotions may vary across cultures and individuals. The evoking of the emotions is largely dependent on a persons personality , which is the sets of characteristic that differentiate a person from the other .An individual will emotionally respond to similar information differently depending on the sender of such information. Emotions being internal can be regulated by an individual in determining the extent that they will be released. Abstract Researches indicate that culture has an influence on the way individuals exchange information and ideas and indeed the way such ideas are interpreted. The definition of communication by including more than one individual depicts a cultural aspect. The involvement of an individual as an entity capable of making an inference from what information has been relayed can as well not be overlooked. There is also a possibility of prior determination of what is to be understood by the hearer. Communication can as well be either direct or indirect, from the second dimension. There is a general idea that Asians are collectivists with the Europeans and Americans being individualists. Researches indicate that people with values at individual-level close to the norms in the culture are happier than those with values less normative. Discussion and Literature review A culture is constituted by, among other elements, individuals. In dissecting the culture, it is indispensable to first consider the individuals and then look at them in the cultural context. Culture entails of those patterns, implicit and explicit, for and of behavior usually acquired and then transmitted by symbols, encompassing the distinctive attainment of human groups, comprising human artifacts, ideas, values and norms that bides (Brown Singelis, 1995). Psychology presents a human being as an entity that can influence and be influenced by the environment. The environment, for purposes of this paper, will be composed of people in the societal setup. As individuals co-exist, they influence each other and develop a boundary that guides them in their relationships. In relating, each individual will first display the self and will probably be influenced by the environment to have a collective representation in the said relationships. Two concepts come into the limelight here; the individualism and the collectivism. Individualism is the expression of someones self. An individuals self will attempts to protect itself from societal intrusion. Individualists reason as entities and explicitly express their ideas to others as well as insist that such ideas be taken as truth. Collectivism is the group context that an individual associates with. A collectivist will, before passing/inferring any information consider the societal values/say in suc h a matter. Such a person will communicate ideas guided by the cultural setting. In both cases, emotions will still exist. The concept of self across cultures Self concept is an essential mediator in cultural behavior patterns. This notion gives room for a more specific role of self in regulation of preference for conversational styles. The self might be linked to some communication styles such as collectivism and individualism that has previously been associated to culture. Subsequent to this, the broad terms of individualism and collectiveness may be used for cultural description while idiocentric and allocentric characterize individuals. The two images describing the self emphasize the connectedness referred to as interdependence relationship and the uniqueness and separateness of individuals referred to as independence of self. This draws the conclusion that the more individualistic a culture is, the higher the probability of sampling the independent self. Similarly, in collectivistic culture, there is a likelihood of people sampling a more interdependent self. Dependence and interdependence of the self determines the behavior characte ristics of an individual (Neumann, Steinhà ¤user Roeder, 2009). It is important to note that culture is a composition of similarities in individuals behavior and as such, a collection of individuals affecting communication style in a similar way indicates a cultural influence on communication. The definition of culture and that of individuals is related in the sense that an individual is a subset of a culture. An individuals characteristics can only be defined in the context of the culture. It is the sum total of a cultures characteristics that creates boundaries within which the concepts of good and bad can be outlined. For example, a culture may have a regard for openness in communication. Individuals who exert silence in conversations appear to exhibit vices in such cultural context. Emotions in the individualistic and collectivist contexts Culture has direct influence towards emotional predictions based on the meanings as well as practices that contexts their occurrence (Mesquita, 2001). His sample included individualists and collectivist in Netherlands. Among the collectivists, emotions were characterized as relational and also contextualized in the phenomena whereas among the individualists, it was characterized as intrapersonal and subjective. His co-relational and procedural study identified some major differences including the interpretation that emotions signals a change of reality among the collectivists as compared to internal, subjective feeling and indeed a little or no implication for belief among the individualists. The findings of the study revealed a concurrence with the hypothesis, that collectivists emotions related to the phenomenon and could only be explained within the contextual relationships and were also a reflection of the said relationships. On the contrary, individualists emotions referred less to their contextual social environment. The research findings further revealed that among the collectivists emotions are shaped in a style similar to ideas as well as practices of the cultural settings of occurrence but underlining the disparity of oneself and others/society among the individualists. Furthermore, the boundaries that exist between subjectivity of emotional experiences and the social reality were found to be thinner in collectivism than in individualism cultures. In communicating with individuals, it becomes necessary to first identify what kind of orientation, whether individualism or collectivism, that they hold. As drawn from the articles findings, this indeed seems to limit the sender of the information to the kind of information that can be received. The idea of collectivism builds a wall inhibiting communication in two ways. First, the sender of information is guided entirely by what has been inculcated by the culture. The assumption in such a person is that the contextual culture is ideally good. There will however be the limitation of the social coverage that the said culture be good or perhaps acceptable. As such, the question of what in the information may be compromised to fit in that particular cultural orientation. Subsequently, collectivism dictates that the two parties involved in a meaningful conversation be culturally related. Second, the receiver of the information is not at an individual liberty to interpret the information so received (Neumann et al, 2009). One has to go back to the cultural files so as to infer the meaning. In both the cases, culture dictates the emotions that individuals develop from information stimuli. It is important to appreciate that though culture is a valuable asset in the global society and indeed the diversity that brings in beauty and indeed minimize global competition; the world is increasingly becoming a global village. Individuals will no longer be restricted to their original interpretation of signs and ideas. Emotions should not be expressed in the cultural contexts only but also on an individual basis. Indeed the possibility of inhibiting both elements in emotional expression should be every persons efforts. Once information is relayed, an individual should try to have and individual interpretation as well as be informed of the collective interpretation depending on the sender of the information. Either way, the need for a background on the sender and the receiver should be availed to the respective parties. Expression of a set of emotional elements once information or idea has been received is a critical issue in understanding an individual whether from the individua lism or collectivism orientation. Almost all emotions are extremely meaningful for purposes of capturing the global thematic features in a situation. These features commonly referred to as appraisals assist in simplification of the complex social situations by reconstituting that complexity into a single strain intrinsically meaningful in the context of the person experiencing them. For example, emotions like pride, anger, guilt and friendly feeling all reflect a significant theme that goes beyond the mere positive or negative evaluations. The themes give a description of individuals perception to their relationship with the surrounding environment. As such, friendly feelings and pride that are positive might be associated with social harmony and personal achievement which are definitely different themes. Findings and Discussion Influence of culture on emotion suppression As aforementioned, individuals exist in societal setups that have capabilities of influencing the way such individuals express or fail to express emotional signs. The concept of emotional suppression is the failure to display ones interpretational responses of information received or limiting the extent of the expression done. According to Butler et al, (2007), Americans of European values orientation would report less emotion suppression than would Americans who held Asian values and that those holding European values would only suppress their emotions for identity protection. The later would associate emotional suppression with high levels of emotional negativity. As such, European values seemed to hold that an individual could only give up the self expression of emotions unhappily. They identified two major barriers in understanding emotional responses in social interactions as self regulating efforts and the culture. Self regulating efforts can be interpreted to mean that an indi vidual applied personal efforts to fail to or limit the emotional expression. Such would be a false expression of the reality within an individual though it would propagate communication flow. The positive that could be associated with the self regulating efforts is that there is liberty of an individual to distinguish which issues to apply emotional suppression. Whether this is ideally acceptable or not, the effectiveness of communication which is between the two parties can be evaluated. This research further narrowed down to two specific issues namely emotion suppression and two groups of participant who were Americans whose cultural orientation was either Asian or European. Existing literature suggested that emotional suppression may be less linked to negative emotion among the Asian cultures in comparison to European culture, whose emotional suppression, also displayed as a safeguarding of the self and an assertion of ones will (Kapoor, 2003). The findings of this research showed that cultural orientations tend predict the differences in frequency and the function of emotional suppression as well as the negative emotion related to it. As drawn the findings, emotional suppression was also found to be a reduction of emotional disclosure. The generalization of these findings may pose a challenge since the sample taken had a similar foundation of culture. Nevertheless, some sectional components of the findings were varied. While communicating, the expression of the receivers emotional expression is dependent on the societal values that the individual holds (Nezlek, Kafetsios Smith, 2008). Much as an individual would want to express the emotional expressions as experienced during a communication, there will always be the element of what the relationship existing between the parties communicating entails. For example, in the smallest element of culture that can either exist between immediate family, members must carefully consider their emotional expressions in efforts to maintain harmony. It is possible that a message passed is not delivered yet there is harmony between people but is ultimately not possible to relay a negative, as perceived by the group, emotional expression and maintain cohesiveness. The ability to balance between regulations of emotional responses and maintain the need for the real self in responding to information relayed would be an ideal venture for every individual. Such a balance would ensure that communication is made effective without losing ones self. Furthermore, emotional responses must be duly regarded useful in the process of communication since they offer the required feedback. Effects of individualism and collectivism on conversational styles Individualism and collectivism dimensions of culture are founded on some varying fundamental issues that may affect the way people communicate. A research conducted sought to come up with a mediation model in attempting to spell out the manner in which culture do influence the communication style from a sample of nine hundred and seventy two individuals across four cultural backgrounds of America, Japan, Korea and Hawaii. According to Park. Kim (2008), that individuals can differ with both independent and the interdependent distinctiveness. The intention was to establish if self-construals were aspects of culture that accounted for the alleged usefulness of conversational constraints. In so doing, its easier to trace possibilities of a linkage between culture and the individual values of either independence or interdependence construals of the self. These conversational constraints are the wide-ranging as well as overarching criteria for selecting a conversational strategy and which influence the construction of a message. In their research they identified a gap where culture is broadly expressed into individualism and collectivism as two contrasting aspects and never as a dimension for explaining why people vary. The research revealed that there is extensive use of interaction strategies intended to provide a protection from the societies influence of the selfs autonomy. Individuals across cultural divides seem to have a thirst for a certain level of independence. Though the degree of independence may also vary, this demonstrates the diminishing trend of culture in communication. The selfs autonomy could only be hindered by the harmonization element that is required in the society. With the continued social civilization, a time may come when individuals will co-exist without necessarily agreeing. This does not at all eliminate the need for communication but emphasizes on the diminishing level of concurrence, between the sender and the receiver in communication, which is usually deemed to be necessary for cultural coexistence. According to Brown Singelis (1995), cultural collectivism compared to individualism tends to be positively associated with the apparent interdependence, but usually unconstructively related to independence. Consistency of culture and the self -concept: Asian Americans and European Americans Contexts According to Chen English (2007), consistency in cultural differences within and across different contexts demonstrates robustness as well as boundaries that exist in cultural differences in the consistency of self-concept, and also the need for examining several forms of stability in self-concept. The hypothesis was that the cultural variances in consistency of self-concept extended to importance of self-view and the self-enhancement. The researches proposed that a low consistence, as aforementioned, do not necessarily indicate insufficient enduring and meaningful self-view but instead a possibility of it coexisting with the firm. Of the two categories of participants, temporal stability among the Asian Americans ratings of self enhancement within the specific relationships was found to be as high as that of the European Americans. The researchers yielded to other researches suggesting that human beings display a certain degree of manipulability and irregularity in their self conce pt across contexts but Asians hold more flexible self concepts (Kitayama Mesquita, 2006). The conclusion was that Asians particularly from the East has a relatively low consistence in their self concept globally which reduces abstractness. In fact, referring to the multifaceted research carried out by Brown Singelis (1995), its clear that development of self-construal is greatly influenced by complex cultures. As drawn from findings, individual dimensions do not necessarily match with the perceived cultural levels. Self-contractual and cultural collectivism is affected by the prevailing socialization norms, practices and institutions where individual separateness is accounted for. During socialization of a child, collectivist mothers tend to encourage empathy and listening in their kids, while under individualists mothers, kids are taught keys words and self-expression skills crucial in promoting cognitive development, problem solving capacity and the perceived autonomy in building friendships. High and low contextualization in communication High contextualization in communication refers to a scenario where much of the information is thought to be internalized in a person or in the physical context. Message is inferred from the context. The parties communicating are thought to be familiar with each others physical context as well as the internal perception of ideas and information being passed. Low context communication refers to the explicit, explanatory and clear use of the accepted codes to pass information. Park and Kim had interest in studying relationships that existed between adherence to European as well as the American cultural backgrounds to communication in Asia. They had the notion that Asian cultures utilize a high context communication as advanced in the 2001s Gudykunt concept of both high and low contexts in communication. A high context communication among the Asians is associated with Confucianism that emphasizes on communication as a tool towards developing harmony as well as maintaining it in interpers onal relationships. Asian values seemed to mediate the identified relationships between collectiveness, which is the solidarity sense in a society, and communication behavior. On the other hand, individualistic values were said to be related to low communication that focuses on uniqueness of an individual and hence use of explicit codes in passing a message (Kapoor, 2003). Indeed, Asians were found to harbor more recognition to collectiveness, emotional self control and conformity to norms as well as humility. The researchers examined three hypotheses, among two hundred, and ten Asian America and hundred and thirty six European America, as follows. First, for both Asian and European Americans, the open and explicit styles of communication were to fit with the low context style of communication. Second, the Asian Americas were to display less use of low context style of communication and instead use high context than the European Americans (Chua et al, 2005). Finally, for both samples taken, and with the element of sex and race, the hypothesis was that high level adherence to Confucius would positively relate to high context while negatively relating to low context styles of communication. The findings were that contrary to the hypothesis, collectiveness was found among the European Americans and the conclusion was that perhaps European Americans belong ed to in-groups that valued assertiveness and self expression. Intentionality in communication Intentionality is the indication of aims, plans, goals and urgency guiding the actions intended to be followed by an individual. Cultural variations may be founded on the societal structure. Such structures may require that individuals actions closely coordinates with those of the other members of society as well as reducing social conflict. Others may motivate setting of ones plans and goals. In contrast, the first structure calls for individuals sensitivity to the environment while the later expects that the environment is sensitive to the individuals. Intentionality is determined by the different perceptions of primary and the secondary controls inhibited within individuals. Primary control provides for the individuals exercise of freedom and control over a persons psychology (Kapoor, 2003). Secondary control implies the inability to separate an object or idea from the field in context. Subsequent to this issue, motivation is in independence to autonomy in thinking for those under influence of primary control whilst guiding those under secondary control. The emphasis of emotions is more on those in secondary controls as such; these groups of individuals associate the tone in the voice during conversation in inferring the meaning. Self determinism in communication Self determinism is the theory asserting that individuals have an entire control of their destiny. Personal responsibility is therefore the key to influencing what is and would happen in the future. The process of communication involves inferring of information whether sent or received. As such, an individual has a responsibility in determining the meaning. Culture must not be taken to cover-up a persons irresponsibility in making sound inferences in the conversations. The influence of culture in communication must be subjected to individuals efforts to control meaning. The search for the reality is a personal responsibility and which is dependent on a persons need to not only coexist with others but also to develop as an individual. Furthermore, the amount of time available in corporate world equates with money. In corporate world, individuals communicating disrespectful of their cultural background are likely to use a more direct, explicit and a clear style of communication. This i s meant to improve time efficiency and save energy. Clear evidence that the world is tending towards direct style of communication is indicated by the use of interpreters when communicating to various parties with diverse cross-cultural backgrounds (Chen English, 2007). In order to effectively identify with such parties culture there is need to hold cultural harmonization forums first. Social status of the communicating parties Power relationship between the communicating parties is also a variable that influences communication. When conducting supervisory roles, communication is usually more direct especially in conflict management than it is among subordinates. The later would use non-confrontational / indirect communication. These two aspects of communication indicate that individuals consider the context within which they are communicating. Whether among the individualists or collectivists, the said aspects appeared to prevail. Though there is no direct relationship between power and culture, the two interacts in the real word. Relationships usually exist between two people who are not at per. Two subordinates though at the same social level are at different levels in terms of who knows more in particular issue concerning the organization. The subordinate who knows more of issue A assumes the role of the more powerful in that issue (Yoon et al, 1996). Respect which is associated with culture since it is an element/value geared towards bringing harmony also exists between people of different power levels. There is also some degree of respect that is shown by an individual who is depending on the other. All these scenarios depict a resultant communication style which is culturally based (Butler et al, 2007). Convergence and divergence in communication Divergence in communication is the disagreement that arises from the receiver of a message between the actual message as per his/her interpretation and the reported interpretation. In conflicting situations, expatriates and their host nations diverge in communication, not only because of the obvious typecast cultures but also by alterations of responses accordingly though the motives vary. Power -distance perspective is the most valid explanation in this phenomenon. Convergence element is strongly displayed by the superior condition of the East whereby direct-indirect peculiarity is diluted by the expatriates who alter their approach to conflict (Brown Singelis, 1995). This is, in both groups, a reaction to urgency. The clarity of communication and the diminished sensitivity to the face needs as compared to the obtuse communication, and the honoring face needs has increasingly acquired more value in situations where time is essence. On the other hand, the abstractness of direct comm unication is assuming a more diplomatic path which serves the needs of a global workplace especially in dealing with a collectivist Asian (Nezlek et al, 2008). Moreover, agreeing to norms does serve and indeed promote a harmonious and mutually respectful workplace. General comments on methodologies and samples Culture as a variable influencing communication cannot be numerically expressed. In general, the methodologies used captured data from the participants and were later generalized to be a representation of a non definite issue. The studies therefore were more of measures of intent behavior instead of the actual behavior patterns. Approximately eighty percent of the sampled participants did not have the Asians collectivism cultural orientation. The participants were tested whether they believed in such an orientation. This definitely affected the consistency of the idea flow from the participants. It appears that the participants were aware of the data that they were supposed to generate. Moreover the samples were too small to correctly constitute a generalization. In a culture based study, the sample should be big and wide in terms of occupation and age composition. As such, the data would be collected not only from the students, as it is the case, but from the wider population. Cultu ral differences are likely to be less pronounced amongst students than it is in other groups (Chua et al, 2005). How negatively or positively skew the data did not get the desired attention that such a data should have. Deductions on such non-vector subjects should be majorly based on the Skewedness and not on mere cross-correlations. The overreliance on previous researches in coming up with deductions is also evident in determining the relationship of emotions and culture on communication. The propagation element increases the error that is supposed to be as minimal as possible. The errors accumulated are loaded onto a new study meaning that from the onset, the study is adversely affected by previous errors. The ideal scenario would have been to carry out the coincidental researches at a reasonably close interval of not more than a year to increase the validity. However the researchers attempts hold a substantial validity which provides a basis for future research and which are currently useful with low error prevalence. Synopsis In conclusion, the aforementioned discussion displays a relationship between emotions, culture and the communication style adopted by individuals. The general consensus is that human beings exhibit, from theories of creation, a common origin. They are also social beings that cannot escape the influence of others in their social life. Although there is evidence of strains of individuals whose energy protect them from influence from others, there is a limit that such a characteristic can endure. For example, individuals against some national ideas will however concur with the wishes of their families or their closest friends. According to Brown Singelis (1995), when relevant intermediate values are considered whilst analyzing communication and culture, the diversity across culture and be justified. These two authors consider the direct effect that culture has on an individual behavior and resulting communication patterns. In fact, culture is seen to influence the psychological make-up of an individual thus affecting the communication behavior exhibited by the person. Even if the said friends are supporting the negation of the national idea, it still remains that those close friends constitute a society and as such a culture. Moreover, when construction of both the society and individual correspond, individuals are more likely to have a more involvement in the society and hence be more affectively involved (Chua et al, 2005). It is important to note that due to the dynamic nature of the communication interactions, intercultural communication standards can be achieved only if the communicating parties mindfully adjust their behavior in communication. As drawn from findings, individual dimensions do not necessarily match with the perceived cultural levels. Self-contractual and cultural collectivism is affected by the prevailing socialization norms, practices and institutions where individual separateness is accounted for. During socialization of a child, collectivist mothers tend to encourage empathy and listening in their kids, while under individualists mothers, kids are taught keys words and self-expression skills crucial in promoting cognitive development, problem solving capacity and the perceived autonomy in building friendships. Prior research which basically encouraged on orthogonal tests on groups in deriving cultural comparisons, tend to effectively open a wider scope in culture study by perhaps encouraging potential researchers in contributing to the elaboration on the correlation that cultural. Recommendations In efforts to achieving better deductions, any cultural and self reacted studies ought to be carried in the very cultural context of the participants. When dealing with the collectivist individuals, it will be better to determine their strength in their cultural orientation. This will perhaps facilitate relations and effective workplace culture which act to boots performance level from team levels tickling down to the entire organization. When conducting such cultural tests or cross-sectional research, attention ought to be laid on the perceived impact that preceding findings would have on the conclusion derived. The as

Immigration - Why I want to Live in Britain :: Papers

To immigrate from ones origin has become very popular in the last ten, twenty years. Immigration also is not a very easy thing to do; you have to have a lot of courage and the will to pursue it. If you are going to immigrate, I think that there is three important steps if you are going to immigrate namely: Why, How and Dealing with it. There are many reasons why people immigrate to another origin. A lot of people want to move closer to their relatives and a lot of parents who have children in other countries would immigrate because they do not want to grow old alone. The most of the worlds young population immigrate to countries like Britain to study at their outstanding universities like Oxford which is renowned all over the world. If you have completed your studies in a countyr like Britain, you will have an international degree which means that you can work any where in the world without having to do an exam again. I think that because you get an international degree it makes immigration even more popular under students. Middle aged people would mostly immigrate to develop their careers, for job experience and to find a place where they could practice their religion freely, without any violence or war. To move legitimately to another country is definitely not an easy thing to do as, the country to which you are moving to first has to approve of you coming to stay in their country. Countries want to protect job opportunities for their own people. Britain for example does not want to share their public funds with people who cannot contribute to the countries wealth. Britain also has a problem with asylum seekers because the country has to give them free medical etc. That is why to qualify for a work permit, you have to have very special qualifications. I think the most important thing if you immigrate is how you are going to deal with it.