Digital Video Broadcasting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital Video Broadcasting - Term Paper Example Evolution of Television:- European and North American inventors pioneered the TV. Television is a hybrid word coming from the Greek letter ‘ Tele’ meaning far, and Latin word ‘visio’ meaning sight. 1) Monochrome TVs: - These early generation televisions were mostly based on electrochemical systems. The screen had a small motor with a spinning disc and a neon lamp which gave a reddish orange picture comparable in size to a business card (Udelson). The system continued to evolve with the inception of a line system to improve the results of the TV. In 1937 the 405 line monochrome system, known then as the ‘HD’, was selected as the UK standard of television. By 1950, most European countries had the 625 scanning lines, 25 frame per second, TV system as standard. Meanwhile, plenty of experimentation was taking place in the USA, however, the Federal communications commission was not satisfied with the quality of the systems and work on development of t he system continued. In 1942, the FCC endorsed the efforts of the National television systems committee and established a standard of 525 scanning lines with 60 frames per second. (Pritchard and Gibson) 2) The advent of Color TV: - During the 1940s, various color television systems were proposed and demonstrated in the United States. The first color television was developed in the early 1950s by the national television systems committee and submitted to the federal communication commission in 1953. Color TV was not successful in the United States until a decade of its introduction. Few color TVs were sold because they were expensive and there were not many programs televised in color. Time magazine even called color TV as ‘the most resounding industrial flop of 1956’. Slowly but surely, however, color TV started to thrive when color programs started to show up in abundance.

Regulating Prostitution Essay -- Prostitutes Ethics Morals Sex Essays

Regulating Prostitution Historically, although prostitution has been viewed as a threat to the moral order and a danger to public health, the state has tended to legislate for the regulation of prostitution, rather than introducing measures focussed on its elimination. Even early Christian societies did not seek to eliminate prostitution, with the Church fathers justifying this stance by asserting that "Sewers are necessary to guarantee the wholesomeness of palaces." (quoted by de Beauvoir, 1974, 618). St Augustine was adamant that prostitution should be recognised as a necessary social evil, arguing, Suppress prostitution and capricious lusts will overthrow society. (cited in Roberts, 1992, 61). His stance was predicated on a belief in men’s sexual appetites necessitating access to sexual outlets outside of marriage. In order to prevent them committing adultery and threatening their marriages, society should facilitate men’s access to prostitutes. It follows from St Augustine’s argument that two separate classes of women were required - good, virtuous, sexually faithful wives to service men’s procreative needs within marriage, and prostitutes who would cater to their desires and pleasures outside of marriage. Such thinking views prostitution as a necessary social evil, and reinforces the madonna/whore dichotomy. Given the fact that men’s demand for prostitution services has not abated through the ages, the historic response has been to continue to seek its regulation and control rather than its eradication. For instance, in medieval England and Europe the preferred way of regulating prostitution was to restrict prostitutes to working in certain districts and/or requiring that they dress in particular, identifiable, styles. Thus in Paris, prostitutes were confined to working in brothels in particular areas of the town and were required to wear armbands, dye their hair, "or in other ways distinguish themselves from respectable society matrons" (Bullough and Bullough, 1987, 125). Women who violated such codes of behaviour could find themselves expelled from that district, literally being run out of town. Confining the sex industry to specifically designated areas was also seen as economically advantageous in that it enabled municipal councils to share in the profits (Roberts, 1992, 90). By the 17th century the practice of visiting prostitutes was so wid... ...ciety and an Analysis of the Causes and Effects of the Suppression of Prostitution. London, Souvenir Press. Beyer, G. (1999). Change for the Better. Auckland, Random House. Bishop, C. (1931). Women and Crime. London, Chatto and Windus. Boyle, F. M., M. P. Dunne, et al. (1997). "Psychological distress among female sex workers." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 21(6): 643-646. Brock, D. R. (1998). Making Trouble, Making Work: Prostitution as a Social Problem. Toronto, University of Toronto Press. Brockett, L. and A. Murray (1994). Thai sex workers in Sydney. Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia. R. Perkins, G. Prestage, R. Sharp and F. Lovejoy (editors). Sydney, University of New South Wales Press. Brookes, B. (1993). "A weakness for strong subjects: the women's movement and sexuality." New Zealand Journal of History 27(2): 140-156. Brothels Task Force (2001). Report of the Brothels Task Force. Sydney, New South Wales Government. Brown, A. and D. Barrett (2002). Knowledge of Evil: Child Prostitution and Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century England. Cullompton, Devon, Willan Publishing. Brown, K. (1994). "Lesbian sex workers." Broadsheet (202): 32-35.

Morality and Obligation Essay

1. Two preliminary steps taken, that may be necessary, before one can intuitively appreciate the rightness of an action are thinking fully about the consequences of an action. In other words, think before you act. Also give thought (consideration) to the persons involved in said action or your relation(ship) with the persons involved. 2. An action is considered morally good in addition to being right when it is the right thing to do, while also stemming from a good place. When the person or â€Å"agent† performs said act because it is right, from a feeling of obligation, a morally good act is also right. 3. According to Prichard, an action done from a sense of obligation, there is no purpose â€Å"consisting either in the action itself or in anything which it will produce†. A motive, being something that moves one to act, can be the sense of obligation, an action done from a sense of obligation can indeed have a motive. 4. Avirtuous act is done from a desire that is intrinsically good. A moral act may be done from obligation. There can’t be an obligation to act virtuously, because we can only â€Å"feel an obligation to act† or do something. We cannot, however, feel an obligation to act from a certain desire 5. It is a mistake to expect moral philosophy to prove through argumentation that we ought to fulfill our obligations, because moral rightness â€Å"cannot be demonstrated, only apprehended directly by an act of moral thinking†. The sense of obligation is a result of a moral thought or thoughts. Moral philosophy can provide reflection on the â€Å"immediacy of our knowledge of moral rightness† and the intuitive recognition of the goodness of the virtues.

The Debate Over the Clearcutting Method

Clear-cutting is a method of harvesting and regenerating trees in which all trees are cleared from a site and a new, even-age stand of timber is grown. Clear-cutting is only one of several methods of timber management and harvest in both private and public forests. However, this method has always been controversial, even more so since the environmental awareness that began in the mid-1960s. Many conservation and citizen groups object to clear-cutting any forest, citing soil and water degradation, unsightly landscapes, and other damages. The wood products industry and mainstream forestry professionals defend clear-cutting as an efficient, successful silvicultural, or forestry, system but only under certain conditions where non-timber assets are not degraded. The choice of clear-cutting by forest owners is greatly dependent upon their objectives. If that objective is maximum timber production, clear-cutting can be financially efficient with lower costs for timber harvesting than other tree harvesting systems. Clear-cutting has also proved successful for regenerating stands of certain tree species without damaging the ecosystem. Current Status The Society of American Foresters, which represents mainstream forestry, promotes clear-cutting as a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Theres a debate about the minimum area constituting a clear-cut, but typically, areas smaller than 5 acres would be considered patch cuts. Larger cleared forests more easily fall into the classic, forestry-defined clear-cut. Removing trees and forests to convert land to nonforest urban development or rural agriculture isnt considered clear-cutting. This is called land conversion, converting the use of land from forest to another type of enterprise. The Issues Clear-cutting is not a universally accepted practice. Opponents of the practice of cutting every tree within a specific area contend it degrades the environment. Forestry professionals and resource managers argue that the practice is sound if used properly. In a report written for a major private forest owner publication, three extension specialists—a forestry professor, an assistant dean of a major college of forestry, and a state forest health specialist—agree that clear-cutting is a necessary silvicultural practice. According to the article, a complete clear-cut usually creates the best conditions for regenerating stands under certain circumstances and should be used when those conditions occur. This is opposed to a commercial clear-cut where all trees of marketable species, size, and quality are cut. This process doesnt take into account any concerns addressed by forest ecosystem management. Aesthetics, water quality, and forest diversity  are the main sources of public objection to clear-cutting. Unfortunately,  an often disinterested public and casual viewers of forestry activities have overwhelmingly decided that clear-cutting is not an acceptable social practice simply by looking at the practice from their car windows. Negative terms such as deforestation, plantation forestry, environmental degradation, and excess and exploitation are closely associated with clear-cutting. Clear-cutting in national forests now can only be done if its used to further the improvement of ecological objectives to include wildlife habitat improvement or to preserve forest health, but not for economic gain. Pros Proponents of clear-cutting suggest that its a sound practice if the right conditions are met and correct harvest methods are used. Conditions for which clear-cutting can be used as a harvesting tool include: Regenerating tree species that need full sunlight to stimulate seed sprouting and seedling growth.Dealing with sparse, exposed, or shallow-rooted trees in danger of being damaged by  wind.Trying to produce an even-aged stand.Regenerating stands of tree species dependent on wind-blown seed, root suckers, or cones that need fire to drop seed.Salvaging over-mature stands and/or stands killed by insects, disease, or fire.Converting to another tree species by planting or seeding.Providing habitat for wildlife species that require an edge, new ground, and high-density, even-aged stands. Cons Opponents of clear-cutting suggest that its a destructive practice and should never be done. Here are their reasons, although not  every one of these can be supported by current scientific data: A clear-cut increases soil erosion, water degradation, and increased  silting  in creeks, rivers, and reservoirs.Old-growth forests, which have been systematically clear-cut, are healthy ecosystems that have evolved over centuries to be more resistant to insects and disease.Clear-cutting inhibits the sustainability of healthy, holistic forest ecosystems.Aesthetics and quality forest views are compromised by clear-cutting.Deforestation and the resulting removal of  trees  from clear-cutting  lead  to a plantation forestry mentality and results in environmental degradation.

Inventors of the Modern Computer

In November of 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the worlds first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits  revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible. The History of Intel In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own company at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create start-ups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the Fairchildren. Robert Noyce typed himself a one-page idea of what he wanted to do with his new company, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyces and Moores new venture. Rock raised $2.5 million dollars in less than 2 days. Intel Trademark The name Moore Noyce was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so the two founders decided upon the name Intel for their new company, a shortened version of Integrated Electronics. Intels first money-making product was the 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip. One Chip Does the Work of Twelve In late 1969, a potential client from Japan called Busicom, asked to have twelve custom chips designed. Separate chips for keyboard scanning, display control, printer control and other functions for a Busicom-manufactured calculator. Intel did not have the manpower for the job but they did have the brainpower to come up with a solution. Intel engineer, Ted Hoff decided that Intel could build one chip to do the work of twelve. Intel and Busicom agreed and funded the new programmable, general-purpose logic chip. Federico Faggin headed the design team along with Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor, who wrote the software for the new chip. Nine months later, a revolution was born. At 1/8th inch wide by 1/6th inch long and consisting of 2,300 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors, the baby chip had as much power as the ENIAC, which had filled 3,000 cubic feet with 18,000 vacuum tubes. Cleverly, Intel decided to buy back the design and marketing rights to the 4004 from Busicom for $60,000. The next year Busicom went bankrupt, they never produced a product using the 4004. Intel followed a clever marketing plan to encourage the development of applications for the 4004 chip, leading to its widespread use within months. The Intel 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was the worlds first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intels Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible. Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimeters. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Todays 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second - numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) Essay - 1463 Words

Introduction The concept of intentionally altering a naturally occurring organism’s DNA in order to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has been critically analyzed by both science and the mainstream media in the last decade. However, the genetic modification of organisms is not a recent innovation as humans have been modifying organisms for over 30 000 years (Rangel, 2015). Back then, breeding through artificial selection was the most prominent method of genetic engineering. Organisms with the most desirable traits would be bred together in order to create a new generation of superior organisms. Throughout the centuries, the developments in science and technology have resulted in new methods of genetic engineering. Now, genomes can be spliced in order to insert or remove genes. It has essentially come down to a copy and paste process with genes from animals being inserted into plants as the common practice. GM foods are developed by scientists because there is some perceived advantage either to the producer or consumer. For a GM food to be of theoretical benefit to the consumer and society as a whole, it should: increase crop yields due to the introduced resistance to pests and disease, enhance the nutritional profile of an organism or increase the shelf life (Phillips, 2008). Based on the projected benefits of GMOs, it is reasonable to ask and address the question of whether GMOs are capable of alleviating the societal issues of world hunger and poverty.Show MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Or Gmos, Are Genetically966 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs, are genetically modified plants, animals, or microorganisms whose genetic information has been modified by DNA-editing methods such as DNA splicing or gene modification. This modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, or bacterial genes that are not found in nature (GMO Facts). It is the right of the consumer to know exactly what they are consuming. However, in the United States, it is not required that food containing GMOs has to be labeledRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )996 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are seeds that are genetically altered in a laboratory before being planted. Later on, they grow into genetically modified (GM) foods. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) A GMO is a plant-based organism, such as seed. However, it has: Genes that are altered to act in a certain way that does not naturally happen OR Contains genes from another plant-based organism History Since 1994, about 85 GM foods have been approved for sale in Canada. This includes GM foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1236 Words   |  5 PagesLayla Sugawara 4/12/15 9/Fe Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetics has been altered by some form of technology. GMOs were first developed from the idea of selective breeding or artificial selection. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans purposely breed two selected organisms to reproduce a offspring with a desired trait. The beginning of genetic engineering is unclear. Before the 1900s, some farmers and naturalistsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Or Gmos1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthese innovation scientists have been working with are genetically modified organisms, or GMOs for short. The topic of GMOs is extremely controversial. There are those who back it one hundred percent, and those who seek to see it destroyed. While much of GMOs’ fame comes from the field of genetically modified foods, it is most certainly not limited to it. A quieter, and perhaps more imaginary field of GMOs has to do with genetically modified pigs. Scientists have been reworking the genes of someRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is one of the most important issues around the world. Genetic engineering is a process where scientists take genes from one species and force it into the DNA of other species. GMO has long been in practice to b reed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable behaviors. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. It involves combining elements of DNA from different sources to create a new DNA moleculeRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1775 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Between 1996 and 2008, US farmers sprayed an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide on GMOs† (Smith). For more than 20 years GMOs have been produced and placed on store shelves; there are many recognized and uncertain hazards that may affect the health of humans and the environment (Ehrenberg). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), although they provide many benefits to the economy and food supply, are associated with numerous environmental implications; there is a noticeable increase of food allergiesRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1525 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are highly embedded into our food systems. The use of GMOs is a subject that is often highly debated. GMOs have been viewed as a way to produce food more efficiently, and to aid in the feeding of our ever growing population. However, there are numerous countries that have placed a ban on the use of these products. Comparing production increases in the U.S. to those countries that have banned the use of GMOs will help to give insight into why these products mayRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )2083 Words   |  9 PagesABSTRACT Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic make-ups have been changed, inserted or deleted into another organisms. While the safety, disadvantages, and public concerns of genetically modified foods has grown significantly with the productivity of the genetic engineered foods. The problem can be solved with stricter regulations for manufacturer from the Food and Drug Administration and U.S Department of Agriculture. Some of many possible solutions to the genetically modifiedRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1431 Words   |  6 Pagesthe farming methods we choose to implement are optimized. One method that has become popular yet controversial is Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Some people believe that organic practices provide the best quality food. Others consider genetic modification to be the most beneficial by allowing farmers to produce more crops with the same amount or even less space. The fact is, GMOs are in almost everything we con sume. Significant research demonstrates that they benefit our society by providing

Nixon’s “Southern Strategy” and Forces Against Brown Free Essays

Do you remember your first day of school ? How was it ? Was it scary? I bet going to a segregated school where you were getting all types of looks , its way different the early 1900’s. from people judging you about the clothes you were to the style of your hair. This article discusses Richard M . We will write a custom essay sample on Nixon’s â€Å"Southern Strategy† and Forces Against Brown or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nixon , the United States President in 1968 gave birth to the modern reform movement through public vouchers and other educational reform measures under his † Southern Strategy † that was designed to gain the votes of individuals who oppose school desegregation . The political activities in school desegregation after Brown by the two major political parties , namely the democrats and the republicans are discussed. President Richard Nixon reacted to the 1971 court decision on Swann verses Charlotte- Mecklenburg school district , a school desegregation case that approved to use of race to assign students to school by the use of busing , by instructing the U.S. justice department to draft a constitutional amendment to nullify the court’s decision. (Kruger 1975 ) In my view President Richard Nixon was just trying to get white American votes . Bussing is still going today for example ; where I stay I’m between two elementary school’s and you would think that my children could attend both schools but that’s not the case . I guess the way the school district resolved the issue was by halving up the neighborhood. Which I consider crazy because back when I was going to school my road in particular wasn’t considered a bus stop and our parents were able to choose whichever school .they wanted us to attend . Now , the way they separated the neighborhood the cut off spot or road I should say is the road right before mine . We didn’t have that problem because we had to go to the next road anyway to catch the bus the same exact road they use as a cut off for the first elementary school. I think its so selfish how we as a people can’t get along enough to join and become equal enough to get an education . I thought that was the reason for the separate but equal doctrine . Opposition to school desegregation was intense from the beginning and continues to this day ; and the results are clear , that is , the whitest American do not support school desegregation ( Jeffries , 1994 ; Motley , 1998 ; Olgetree , 2004). This is so true because In 1970 , Vigor High School on Wilson Avenue , which had been Prichard’s white high school during segregation , was 70% white . By 1980 , It was 80% black . Although most of Prichard’s remaining majority-white areas were in this district , many families had put their students into parochial or private schools . Before this came about Prichard was predominately white until they move black in the area to work at the paper mill. I totally agree with frank browns argument favoring integration on buses and in all areas of public accommodation and travel . Human beings have struggled with / on centuries to gain equal rights . Western civilization has been characterized by the hegemonic domination by white males. This power structure has frequently and historically excluded women and minorities . In the United States , despite the foundational creed that † all men are created equal , † it has taken centuries of struggle to gain equal rights . Equal rights , of equality before the law , means that all individuals are subject to the same laws of justice. People must be treated equally with / as / for regard to race , gender , national origin , skin color , religion or disability. African Americans were one of the first groups granted equal rights in the United States , through the passage of the 14th Amendment , which outlawed slavery . Achieving equal rights in reality took another century of struggle . Women , as well , although granted the right to vote for / by 1920 , continue to work towards equal rights , most recently through pay equity . Congress should terminate all programs because of the harm they caused minority students. I am so glad they passed the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that No person in the United States shall , on the ground of race , color , or national origin , be excluded from participation in , be denied the benefits of , or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . Equality means everyone has an identical quantity of everything ; no one is considered superior or inferior. Equality means that all children can grow up and go to school with equal access to the English language here in America . Everyone should be treated as fairly and as worthy of respect and basic rights as their peers from the moment they are born . People being able to be themselves , walking through life with inherent characteristics that should be considered neutral such as ethnicity , skin color , gender , physical disabilities , mental disability without having to face discrimination based on their presence or characteristics. How to cite Nixon’s â€Å"Southern Strategy† and Forces Against Brown, Papers