4 Tips for International Students Looking To Maximize SAT/ACT Scores

Starting Early and Working Smart Can Help International Students Get Ahead on Standardized Tests By Richard, Master Tutor When it comes to getting a great score on the ACT or SAT, the process of preparing and studying for the exam can seem quite complicated, especially if students are applying from abroad and aren’t familiar with the test. Instead of stressing out, know it can be done—as long as students learn about the exam and create a testing strategy. Although it might seem a little overwhelming at first, ACT or SAT prep can be a good opportunity to develop time management and problem solving skills, which will serve students well in college. In order to achieve your best score and get a head start on university-level study habits, keep reading for a few top test taking tips for international students. Remember that SAT and ACT scores can rise with proper preparationSome students may believe that their scores will remain fixed, regardless of how much time and effort they put into studying. Fortunately, the opposite is true. The more students work to prepare for these exams, the more their scores will go up and the better their results will be. Keep in mind that the SAT and ACT are exams that students can improve their scores on, if they devote the hours and effort needed to study appropriately. Some international students can see particularly significant score improvementsWith the right amount of effort and support, international students' can see exceptional score increases! The ACT and SAT exams are often initially very unfamiliar to students from abroad, so as these test takers become more accustomed to the exam, they are often capable of significant progress. Once students become aware that these exams require considerable preparation and that their scores can improve with effort, they are often inspired to put time into the process and seek out the guidance needed in order to succeed. If test-takers put in this kind of time and effort, the results will follow! Start early! International students are often capable of making more progress on average than other students, butthis progress may take more time. With the right organization and time commitment, the challenges of the process of preparing for the ACT and SAT can turn into advantages as students' scores go up. There is no quick fix for studying; students need to put in the work in order to see results. Beginning test preparation 1-2 years in advance can give students the time needed to create a test taking strategy and study routinely without cramming in the last minute. Starting early can be particularly important for international students because it can often take these test takers more time to adjust to the US style of testing and sometimes the level of English that the exams are measuring. Success is where preparation meets opportunityIn general, students should expect that their results will be proportional to their efforts. This doesn't just mean putting in the time, although the amount of hours spent studying will be a key factor to score improvement. Additionally, having a great tutor for this process can make it more efficient and help students feel supported throughout their journey. By starting early, putting in the time needed, and working smart, students can see significant progress and attain the kinds of scores they are looking for by their final year of high school. The saying â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day†, rings true for SAT and ACT preparation; time and effort are needed to get the best results possible. Instead of feeling overwhelmed or defeated by the SAT or ACT exam, international students should feel empowered. By starting early and studying frequently and efficiently, test takers can see huge progress. If you are looking to improve your SAT or ACT scores, the team of expert tutors, myself included, can help you create a test taking plan and develop strong study habits.

Indi Poverty And Inequality - 1308 Words

Inequality is defined as the wide gap between a low and a high income within an economy. Poverty is defined as being in the state of extremely poor. India is well renowned for having two classes, those living well above the poverty line, and those living well below. Currently, India is promoting strategies to decrease their percentage of people living under the poverty line. In 2012 the World Bank conducted some research to find out that 21.9% of the countries 1.295 billion, are living under the poverty line. As of 2014, the GNI per capita in India is $1570, US dollars, which is awfully low compared to the rest of the world. The big problem with this is that it isn’t developing at a state that it should be, although it is improving. India has traces linking to the government being corrupt, which doesn’t help the cause and this could be why it is showing poor economic development. One of the major problems that exists to reducing poverty and inequality in India is the poverty cycle. Developing countries generate a low income which then leads to low savings, poor health, education and low demand which then leads to low capital investment which then leads to low productivity which then leads to low income and this continues in a cycle as can be seen in figure 1. Much of India is stuck in this cycle. Social difference and inequality is a major problem and can reinforce, if not worsen, the continuous poverty problems in the poverty circle. As said before, the average salary ofShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impacts of Illiteracy1171 Words   |  5 PagesSizin son xÉ™rà §Ã‰â„¢ng var. Ä °ndi onu xÉ™stÉ™xanaya almaq deyilsÉ™, o, nà ¶vbÉ™ti gà ¼n à ¶lÉ™cÉ™k. In English, this means, â€Å"Your son has cancer. If you don’t get him to the hospital now, he will die in the next day.† Imagine, though, if you had not been able to read the first message and even not been able to read the English translation. Your son would have died. 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Lyndon Johnsons Administration Essay - 569 Words

During the LBJ administration, Johnson was focused on ending the War on Poverty, the centerpiece of his presidency, and bringing justice to his fellow men and women. However, his pressing desire was to give the â€Å"Great Society a chance to grow and prosper! Johnson inherited the presidential seat after the death of John F. Kennedy. Immediately, Johnson was concentrated on establishing himself in the office of the Presidency, and to continue the legacy of JFK. Johnson quickly administered a group of domestic programs which he called the â€Å"Great Society†. Johnson’s vision for the Great Society drew on both his own primary identification with the New Deal (which he supported heavily) and his commitment to go beyond the†¦show more content†¦Lyndon B. Johnson achieved important things during his administration. He administered financial aid and medical care. He liberalized the immigration policy, he surpassed the Soviet Union in the space race, he ratified t he 25th Amendment, and he enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Johnson did more than any other president concerning the War on Poverty! He was successful in many areas but not all of them. LBJs society might have been successful, but he deprived his Great Society of its energies needed by committing them to the war resulting in the Great Society doing very little. He also allocated the money needed to abolish poverty to search-and-destroy missions. During LBJs presidency, we were in the middle of the Vietnam War which he called the â€Å"no need† country. Instead of withdrawing America from the war, he escalated our position and involvement in it which resulted in many lives being lost. These failures were major during the LBJ administration! As time progressed, Johnson faced the challenge of keeping his Great Society alive and prosperous. His society began to unravel as a result of the opposition he was facing. Johnson received the Democratic caucus’s disapproval a nd lack of support. He was receiving opposition as a result of the U.S deeper involvement in the war, there were many anti-war marches. Riots were spreading across AmericaShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Features of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Presidencial Acceptance Speech742 Words   |  3 Pages In the fall of 1963 Kennedy’s Administration was preparing campaigns for the election of 1964 in hopes of bringing the fragile Texas Democratic Party closer. The Kennedys headed to Dallas on the morning of November 22, 1963 to attend a scheduled luncheon. On that tragic day President Kennedy was assassinated in a senseless act of violence. Within the next few hours, Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president. In the midst of a grieving country, he was given the duty of handling a transitionRead MoreLyndon Johnson1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn Larry L. 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However, throughout the reading of the two biographies, I found myself discovering more and more about these men, their personal lives, their accomplishments, and much more I never knew about them. These biographiesRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson Epitomized Texas In His Stature,1746 Words   |  7 PagesLyndon Baines Johnson epitomized Texas in his stature, his attitude, his tone, and his attitude. He was a force to be reckoned with and he used each of these attributes to push for legislation that he felt d eeply about. His major influences were his parents and the rustic Hill Country of Texas. Johnson was born August 27, 1908, in Stonewall, Texas on an isolated farm in the Texas Hill Country to Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr. and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His mother was a woman â€Å"†¦ who treasured poetry, reveredRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson1420 Words   |  6 PagesMost importantly, however, racism and the limited power of black people was alive and well. Lyndon Baines Johnson changed that. He and his seven year long program, the Great Society, would change the aspect and the life of the minority forever. Lyndon Johnson became an integral part of the civil rights movement. In December 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. president, Lyndon Johnson displayed the leadership that this country needed during such a tumultuous time. TheRead MoreLyndon B. Johnson Biography784 Words   |  4 PagesCarla Joiner 14 April 2016 Block 7 Am. History Lyndon B. Johnson Biography Lyndon B. Johnson was born August 27, 1908, in Stonewall, Texas Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., a politician, farmer, cotton speculator, and newspaper owner, and Rebekah Baines Johnson, a homemaker and sometime newspaper editor (Smallwood). He was he first born of five children. Johnson started school school near his home along the Pedernales River in the Texas hill country at age four. 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Johnsons accusation of unjustified attacks on American ships by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin led to the resolutions nearly unanimous passage in Congress three days later. Although with the passage of time the certaintyRead MoreThe Impact On American Society926 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history the United States has been fortunate to have many presidents that made a significant positive impact on American society. One such president was Theodore Roosevelt and his work with consumer protection laws. Another was Lyndon B. Johnson and his support for civil rights. The actions of both presidents have had lasting impacts in America and changed the nation for the better. Theodore Roosevelt, a very active president, devoted much of his attention to the growing issue ofRead MoreFear, Ambition, And Politics By Robert Dallek1031 Words   |  5 PagesIn the first essay Fear, Ambition, and Politics by Robert Dallek, he talks about the way that the United States started to really conflict with Vietnam and how some of Lyndon Johnson’s issues led the U.S. into it. One thing was clear and it was that Lyndon Johnson did not want communism to spread. Johnson’s advisors would continuously report to him that things were starting to become more serious in Saigon. Johnson did not want to send troops though, saying the he would â€Å"not permit the independent

Happiness and Fulfillment Sample Essay Example For Students

Happiness and Fulfillment Sample Essay The thought of felicity and fulfilment lifting from generousness is a message nowadays in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. Dickens encourages and inspires his Victorian readers to alter their positions and support those around them. through generousness. Dickens emphasizes how generousness can take to fulfilment and felicity through the building of his novel. The prevailing concerns of life and decease. isolation and togetherness and alteration allows Dickens to show to his readers the importance of generousness and seeing its effects on those around you. Dickens creates contrasts in his characters to underscore the importance of generousness and its effects. The Scrooge readers meet in stave one. a adult male â€Å"solitary as an oyster† and so cold â€Å"a iciness does non impact him† leads readers to experience pessimistic towards Scrooge. His maltreatment of Bob Cratchit and his cold. dark nature is so juxtaposed to that of the warm â€Å"lively† Fezziwig. Scrooge’s old employer. Fezziwig with his â€Å"Christmas party† and the generousness toward Scrooge and his other learner nowadayss readers with the felicity brought approximately by greathearted giving. Scrooge is hankering to be a portion of his memory one time more with â€Å"his bosom and psyche in the scene. † The contrast of employee intervention allows Scrooge to see his skewed ways and allows readers to see how their generousness could take to the felicity of others and a fulfillment of responsibility as an employer. The largest and most obvious character contrast is between the initial Scrooge and the concluding Scrooge. â€Å"Wheezing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and about machine-like Ebenezer Scrooge is loathed and on the outskirts of society. even the blind are seen as lucky for non holding to â€Å"set eyes on evil himself† . However. Scrooge’s transmutation and journey allows him to recognize his responsibility to others and how assisting those around him such as the Cratchits and going â€Å"a 2nd male parent to Tiny Tim† gives him joy and pleasance. This alteration demonstrates to readers the importance of their alteration and the importance of the effects their generousness could convey approximately. Metaphorical contrasts endorse Dickens’ position on the importance of generousness. Throughout the novel Dickens’ usage of heat and coldness to picture characters. scenes or scenes add to his accent of generousness. The cold ‘bare. melancholy’ life of Scrooge with his cold house and ‘small fires’ adds to the thought of isolation and how much alteration is needed. This is contrasted with the heat of Fezziwig’s ball with ‘fires heaped with fuel’ stand foring the felicity in the lives linked to Fezziwig. Dickens. with the metaphors of visible radiation and dark addresses a slightly Christian value of generousness and fulfillment. The darkness and the ‘grim’ mentality of Scrooge’s decease in Stave four high spots how non altering skewed precedences can take to ‘pain’ and ‘incessant torture’ . The visible radiation. given off by the fires or general conditions endorses the thought that light represents a alteration. a ‘good man’ who understands the importance of generousness. Fred. the nephew of Scrooge. has ‘red cheeks’ and a ‘glowing’ visual aspect. representative of his charity. his attention for the public assistance and good being of others. such as the Cratchits. and his positions on how people. like Scrooge. should understand giving is a manner of assisting. non merely others. but oneself. The conclusiveness decease brings allows Dickens to underscore the demand for alteration and generousness in life. The impression is clearly represented in the life Scrooge and the ‘dead as a door-nail’ Marley. Dickens’ description of Marley with ‘cashboxes†¦ledgers’ weighing him down and a heavy ‘chain forged in life’ creates an image readers should fear. .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .postImageUrl , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:hover , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:visited , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:active { border:0!important; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:active , .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43 .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u471284d80bd3efdf72d0caac83284e43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor Attacked EssayPopulating with ‘no peace†¦no rest’ and enduring with ‘incessant torture’ Marley realises his concern was ‘mankind’ and ‘charity. public assistance. wellbeing’ were his concern excessively. He warns Scrooge of the concatenation he has forged so far and the importance of others while one is still alive Marley is incapable of assisting others and frightens Scrooge into alteration at first. However. witnessing how he could suppress the decease of Tiny Tim. an â€Å"innocent child† . Scrooge understands that generousness is non merely philanthropy to be done and bury. it is a duty that c oncerns those in his life that he can salvage. This high spots to readers why Scrooge is so overjoyed at the terminal – he has found felicity and fulfillment in happening a intent that saves and attentions for the public assistance and well-being of another. Dickens emphasises that this is a way more of his readers should take. Ultimately Dickens does propose and topographic points importance of his concern of generousness to others gives manner to the felicity and fulfillment of oneself. His building of the novel and word picture leads readers to recognize the power and influence and importance they have in another life.

the Hand That Signed the Paper Analysis free essay sample

†Autobiographical Essar Humans are not born knowing what is right and what is wrong, we learn these things through our experiences and our mistakes. Though these mistakes could be as simple as spilling a glass of milk, we still learn an important lesson; dont set the glass on the corner of the table. I myself have had many of these mishaps, but one seems to stand out from all the rest. I have these neighbors, they own a large piece of property that my friends and I enjoy spending time on, however, these neighbors are what you would call, Jerks. We had a few interactions and in the end we sort of trashed their property.. My friends are idiots, sometimes we get together and do stupid things, in this case though, we went a bit overboard. I was about 12 or 13 at the time and had taken a liking to forms of destructive behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on the Hand That Signed the Paper Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It Just happened to be trash day, and my dad had an abundance of tools such as sledgehammers and axes in the shed. My friends and I gathered up a large pile of garbage and constructed a huge mass of couches, chairs, desks, wood, and many other things in the woods on my neighbors property. We then proceded to smash everything in to bits and make a widespread mess of the area. As most kids would do, we ran, and didnt hear anything of it for days. It wasnt until after about a week that my doorbell rang. Who else could it be but the owners of that property come to speak with my parents. My mom and dad were furious, and i recieved no mercy in my punishment. I spent days, along with two of my friends, cleaning up the mess. I suspect we must have gathered three or four trashcans worth of garbage in the end. Weeks went by and i realized how disrespectful my actions were, I eventually ummoned up the courage to visit the home of my neighbors and apologize to them face to face. They graciously accepted my apology and we patred ways on friendly terms. Hearing them thank me for the cleanup Job and for having enough respect to say i was sorry was a great feeling that i wont forget. That experience led me to realize the importance of showing respect for others and their property, Its an example i am proud to share, of a lesson I learned through my personal mistakes, and I hope others too, have learned to show respect for others. he Hand That Signed the Paper Analysis By aJoycem The Hand That Signed the Paper consists of four stanzas that harshly mock the cold and unfriendliness present of politics and conflict. In my opinion this poem is about war, revealing the speakers disgust for political leaders overall. The poet makes audience feel as though the hand that signed the paper is worthless or despicable. These overpowering fgures with in the poem seem to be important and arrogant for putting themselves in a powerful, life or death situation. The first stanza is notifying he audience that a simple signing of this document sets off a tragic and irreversible outcome. Double the globe of dead and halved a country; These five kings did a king to death (Stanza 1, Line3-4) is referring to the decision to execute the king and to a country splitting up in the processes. The second stanza mocks the mighty hand (Stanza 2, Line 5) that is responsible for these terrible outcomes by using descriptive words, such as, sloping shoulder (Stanza 2, Line 5). Also, the poet is telling the audience that the man in the poem has arthritis when he says, The finger oints are crammed with chalk; (Stanza 2, Line 6). This information I find to be useless to the meaning of the poem, but when the speaker says, A gooses quill has put an end to murder I believe he is giving away what the documentation really is, a peace treaty. In the third stanza, the poet informs the audience that the peace treaty has not solved anything; times are extremely awful. With good intentions, the man signed the peace treaty to solve the suffering brought on by war, but instead it has caused more damage. And famine grew, and locusts came (Stanza 3, Line 10) is telling the readers that the country has an extreme amount of people suffering of hunger and disease. The last stanza compassionately informs the reader that politicians act very inhumane. Politicians like to think of themselves as God, maintaining absolute control over who are to live and who are to be destroyed. Dylan Thomas incorporated human body relations in his work. He accomplished this by using parts of the human body and certain characteristic features to make the reader elieve that the body parts are made to act as if they are making a conscious choices and decisions. An example of this is in the title of Thomass work, The Hand that Signed the Paper. This title is referring to the hand as if it would be acting freely of its owner. Other examples of this are, fingers taxed the breath (Stanza 1, Line 2), Great is the hand that holds dominion over Man by a scribbled name (Stanza 2, Line 11-12), and A hand that rules pity as a hand rules heaven (Stanza 4, Line 15). With in this poem there are relating words and repetition used as a poetic devices. Murder (Stanza 2, Line 3) and did a king to death (Stanza 2, Line 4) have identical meanings. Also within the poem, there are synonyms: paper (Stanza 1, Line 1) and treaty (Stanza 3, Line 9). I believe that Thomas used these relating words to put direct attention on them, indicating particular importance to the actual message of the poem. There is one example of foreshadowing consisting within the poem, The Hand That Signed the Paper, which is ultimately referring to the speakers actions that are going to take place with in the poem. The Hand that Signed the Paper has a rhyme scheme of: ABAB, and the first and third lines of each stanza are iambic pentameter, but with an eleventh, unstressed syllable. Near the end of the poem, in changes the rhyme scheme in the poem trying to accomplish a different pace, therefore making it more intriguing. In the end Dylan Thomas accomplished writing a very intriguing-meaningful poem. It is exciting reading between the lines of this poets work, and truly finding the real meaning of the poem: a powerful politician whom brought disaster to a country and its population.

Mr Smith Goes to Washington essays

Mr Smith Goes to Washington essays Frank Capras controversial 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington tells the story of a young, naive and inexperienced politician who is brought to Washington to replace the recently-deceased fictional Senator Samuel Foley. The film has a number of themes, but one that stands out beyond most is the idea that the press controls the publics opinion of a politician. They can make one out to be either a dedicated, hard-working public servant or a self-centered, power-hungry individual. Through the use of characters such as Governer Hopper, Jim Taylor, Senator Paine, and Chick McGann, we see how Capra views politics in Washington. When Mr. Smith (James Stewart) is appointed, he is unable to recognize why he was chosen. However, we soon find out that it is not because of Smiths desire to work in Washington that he was hired- or his values- but rather the fact that, as a young and naive kid, Hopper and Taylor feel that hell be an easy person to influence and vote for their corrupt Willet Creek Dam project. Smiths first encounter with the press turns out to be a disaster. He is asked what projects he would like to push and then takes the opportunity to reveal his plans for a summer boys camp. He also jokes around with the press by making birdcalls. The headlines in the next-mornings paper are taken out of context and are intended to make Smith look like a fool. When Smith is about to be sworn in, an opposing member of Congress appeals his confirmation because of the way he is portrayed in the papers. He feels that Smith brings shame to the office, but Paine quickly defends him. Smith later sees the paper and is outraged at how the press portrayed him. He rushes over to the Press Club and physically and verbally attacks the writers. One of them, after bringing Smith under control, says something particularly telling about the media. In response to Smith&...

Personality Traits and PTSD Resilience Research Paper

Personality Traits and PTSD Resilience - Research Paper Example The TR in DSM-IV-TR refers to† text revision†s. Numeroff et al. (2009), a reprint of the work of Numeroff et al. (2006), reviewed the state of science in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The authors pointed out five key points. First, PTSD is frequent among women than among men. Second, the presence of group C symptoms after exposure to trauma can predict the development of PTSD. Third, increases in corticotrophin-releasing factor or CRF concentration associated with PTSD â€Å"may be reversed† with paroxetine treatment. Fourth, â€Å"hippocampal volume appears to be selectively decreased and hippocampal function impaired among PTSD patients.† Fifth, prolonged exposure therapy is effective in modifying negative cognitions that are frequent among PTSD patients. Note that in Numeroff et al. (2009) or state of science on the PTSD, there was no mention on the role of personality traits and resilience. In the 2000 guidelines of 50 pages for treating PTSD wri tten by Foa et al., there was no mention on the role of personality traits in hastening or slowing down the treatment or management of PTSDs. The treatment guidelines were developed under the auspices of the PTSD Treatment Guidelines Task Force organized by the Board of Directors of the International Society for Trauma Stress Studies (ISTSS) in November 1997 (Foa et al., 2000, p. 539). The treatment guidelines described PTSD as a serious psychological condition resulting from an exposure to a traumatic event (Foa et al., 2000, p. 539). The 2000 guidelines mentioned that the symptoms associated with PTSDs are â€Å"reliving the traumatic events or frightening elements of it; avoidance of thoughts, memories, people, and places associated with the event; emotional numbing; and symptoms of elevated arousal† (Foa et al., 2000, p. 539). The treatment guidelines pointed out that PTSDs are â€Å"often accompanied by other psychological disorders† (Foa et al., 2000, p. 539). Fu rther, the treatment guidelines elaborated that the â€Å"PTSD is a complex condition that can be associated with significant morbidity, disability, and impairment of life functions† (Foa et al., 2000, p. 539). The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association (1994) guided the guidelines. The guidelines recognized that research that shaped the guidelines came largely from western industrialized nations and little is known about the treatment of the PTSD in non-industrialized countries (Foa et al, 2000, p. 540). The guidelines also noted that there are limitations in the scientific literature on the PTSDs because most studies have used inclusion and exclusion criteria and, thus, each study may not fully represent the complete â€Å"spectrum† of patients (Foa et al., 2000, p. 541). In particular, it is customary in the studies of PTSD treatment to â€Å"exclude patients with active substance dependence, acute suicidal ideation, neuropsychological deficits, retardation, or cardiovascular disease† such that generalization of the findings to all populations may not be appropriate (Foa et al., 2000 p. 541). However, like Numeroff et al. (2009), Foa et al. (2000) did not mention anything on the association